Most of the time, the functions and operators automatically convert the values given then to the right type. An alert automatically converts any value to a string to show it. Mathematical operations change the importance of numbers.   

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String Conversion 

String conversion happens, when we need the string form of a value. For example, the alert(value) does it to show the value. We can also call the String(value) function to convert a value to a string. 

let value= true;

alert(typeof value);//boolean

value=String(value); // now value is a string "true"  

alert(typeof value); // string

String conversion is mostly obvious. A false becomes "false", null becomes "null", etc...

Numeric Conversion

Numeric conversion happens for mathematical purposes and expressions automatically. 

For example, when division/ is applied to non-numbers:

alert( "6" / "2" ); // 3, string are converted to numbers. we can also use the Number(value) function to explicity convert a value to a number.

let str = "123";

alert(typeof str); // string

let num = Number(str); // becomes a number 123

alert(typeof num); // number

Explicit conversion is needed when we read a value from a string-based source like a text form but require a number to be entered. If the string is not a valid number, the result of such a conversion is NaN. 

let age= Number("an arbitrary string instead of a number");

alert(age); // NaN, change failed

Examples:

alert( Number(" 123 ") ); // 123

alert( Number("123z") ); // NaN (error reading a number at "z")

alert( Number(true) ); // 1

alert( Number(false) ); // 0

Please note that null and irregular function differently here: null becomes zero while undefined becomes NaN. Most mathematical engineers also make such a change.

Boolean conversion

Boolean conversion is the simplest one.

It may happen in logical operations (later we’ll meet condition tests and other similar things), but can also be performed explicitly with a call to boolean(value).  

The conversion rule

Values that are intuitively "empty", like, an empty string, null, undefined, and NaN become false. Other values become true. 

For instance:

alert( Boolean(1) ); // true

alert( Boolean(0) ); // false

alert( Boolean("hello") ); // true

alert( Boolean("") ); // false

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